Preface.- List of Contributors.- 1. Introduction.- PART I: Chemical Risk Assessment and Risk Communication.- 2. Risk Governance: Contemporary and Future Challenges.- 2.1 Challenges Posed by Seriousness, Complexity, Uncertainty, and Ambiguity.- 2.1.1 Seriousness.- 2.1.2 Complexity.- 2.1.3 Scientific Uncertainty.- 2.1.4 Interpretative and Normative Ambiguity.- 2.2 Conceptual Design of an Integrated Risk Governance Model.- 2.2.1 Pre-assessment.- 2.2.2 Risk Appraisal.- 2.2.3 Tolerance and Acceptability Judgement.- 2.2.4 Risk Management.- 2.2.5 Risk Communication.- 2.3 Conclusions.- References.- 3. Communicating Chemical Risks: Beyond the Risk Society.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Early Approaches to Researching Science and the Media.- 3.3 Which Risks Attract Attention, Why and Under What Conditions?- 3.4 Risk Society.- 3.5 The Brent Spar.- 3.6 The Prestige Oil Disaster.- 3.7 Conclusion: Beyond the Risk Society.- References.- 4. Framing Chemical Risks in Sweden and Poland: Journalists' Narratives and Media Texts.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Purpose.- 4.3 The Swedish and Polish Cases.- 4.4 Methods and Materials.- 4.5 Results.- 4.6 Chemicals in the Swedish Press.- 4.7 Chemicals in the Polish Press.- 4.8 Swedish Journalists' Narratives About Chemicals.- 4.9 Polish journalists' Narratives About Chemicals.- 4.10 Conclusions and Reflections.- References.- 5. REACH: What Has Been Achieved and What Needs To Be Done?- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Risk Management Criteria.- 5.3 Data Requirements in REACH.- 5.4 What Needs To Be Done.- References.- 6. Improving the Value Standard of Toxicity Test Data in REACH.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Suboptimal Testing Conditions.- 6.2.1 Background.- 6.2.2 Environmental Factors of Importance for Uptake and Effects.- 6.3 Population Modelling.- 6.3.1 Available Tools.- 6.3.2 Standard Test Data To Be Used for Regulatory Modelling.- 6.4 Suggestions for Improvements of REACH.- 6.5 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7. Testing in Aquatic Ecotoxicology: What are theScientific Conditions for the '3R' Concept?- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Why Fsh Tests at All?- 7.3 Alternative '3R' Based Approaches in Ecotoxicology.- 7.3.1 Reduction: Acute Threshold Approach.- 7.3.2 Replacement: In Vitro Cell Based Methods.- 7.3.3 Replacement: Fish Egg/Embryo Systems.- 7.4 Current Trends in Ecotoxicological Testing.- 7.5 Conclusion: Has the '3R' Concept a Future in Ecotoxicology?- References.- 8. Chemical Risk Assessment in Toxicological Perspective.- 8.1 Data requirements for Hazard Assessment.- 8.1.1 Hazard Identification and Dose Response.- 8.1.2 Exposure Assessment.- 8.2 Risk Management.- 8.2.1 The General Approach.- 8.2.2 The Tools for Hazard Identification.- 8.2.3 Risk Assessment for Threshold Compounds.- 8.2.4 Risk Assessment for Non-threshold Genotoxic Carcinogens.- 8.3 Classification and Labelling of Carcinogens.- 8.4 Conclusion.- References.- 9. Occupational Exposure Limits in Comparative Perspective: Unity and Diversity Within the European Union.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 European Community Involvement.- 9.3 Aiming for Unity.- 9.4 National Diversity.- 9.5 Scrutinising Diversity.- 9.6 Unity and Diversity.-References.- 10. Scientific Uncertainty and Science-Policy Interactions in the Risk Assessment of Hazardous Chemicals.- 10.1 Identifying Substances of High Concern.- 10.2 Uncertainty in Risk Assessments of Potential PBT/vPvB Substances.- 10.2.1 Uncertainties Identified in the Exposure Assessment.- 10.2.2 Uncertainties Identified in the Hazard Assessment.- 10.2.3 Uncertainties Identified in the Overall PBT Conclusions.- 10.3 Discussion.- 10.4 Conclusions and Recommendations.- References.- 11. Assessing Chemical Risks: Evaluating Products Rather than Substances, and the Case of Anti-fouling Paints.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Background: Anti-fouling Paints.- 11.2.1 History of Anti-fouling Paints Globally.- 11.2.2 History of Regulations in Sweden.- 11.2.3 The Situation of Today on Anti-fouling Paints in Sweden.- 11.3 The Biocidal