About the Authors xxiii
 
Preface xxv
 
Acknowledgments xxvii
 
About the Companion Website xxviii
 
1 Chemist and Technician in the Analytical Laboratory 1
 
1.1 Introduction--The Analytical Chemist and Technician 1
 
1.2 Today\'s Laboratory Chemist and Technician 1
 
1.3 ChemTech--The Chemist and Technician Toolkit Companion 2
 
1.4 Chapter Layout 2
 
1.5 Users of ChemTech 6
 
2 Introduction to the Analytical Laboratory 7
 
2.1 Introduction to the Laboratory 7
 
2.2 Laboratory Glassware 7
 
2.3 Conclusion 18
 
3 Laboratory Safety 19
 
3.1 Introduction 19
 
3.2 Proper Personal Protection and Appropriate Attire 19
 
3.3 Proper Shoes and Pants 20
 
3.4 Laboratory Gloves 20
 
3.5 General Rules to Use Gloves 22
 
3.6 Safety Data Sheet (SDS) 22
 
3.7 Emergency Eyewash and Face Wash Stations 24
 
3.8 Emergency Safety Showers 25
 
3.9 Fire Extinguishers 25
 
3.10 Clothing Fire in The Laboratory 26
 
3.11 Spill Cleanup Kits 26
 
3.12 Chemicals and Solvents 27
 
3.13 First Aid Kits 29
 
3.14 Gasses and Cylinders 29
 
3.15 Sharps Containers and Broken Glass Boxes 30
 
3.16 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 30
 
4 Basic Mathematics in the Laboratory 83
 
4.1 Introduction to Basic Math 83
 
4.2 Units and Metric System 83
 
4.3 Significant Figures 84
 
4.4 Scientific Calculators 86
 
4.5 ChemTech Conversion Tool 89
 
4.6 Chapter Key Concepts 96
 
4.7 Chapter Problems 96
 
5 Analytical Data Treatment (Statistics) 97
 
5.1 Errors in the Laboratory 97
 
5.2 Expressing Absolute and Relative Errors 98
 
5.3 Precision 98
 
5.4 The Normal Distribution Curve 98
 
5.5 Precision of Experimental Data 100
 
5.6 Normal Distribution Curve of a Sample 101
 
5.7 ChemTech Statistical Calculations 102
 
5.8 Student\'s Distribution t Test for Confidence Limits 105
 
5.9 Tests of Significance 111
 
5.10 Treatment of Data Outliers 112
 
5.11 Chapter Key Concepts 114
 
5.12 Chapter Problems 114
 
6 Plotting and Graphing 116
 
6.1 Introduction to Graphing 116
 
6.2 Graph Construction 116
 
6.3 Rectangular Cartesian Coordinate System 117
 
6.4 Curve Fitting 117
 
6.5 Redrawn Graph Example 117
 
6.6 Graphs of Equations 118
 
6.7 Least-Squares Method 121
 
6.8 Computer-Generated Curves 122
 
6.9 Calculating Concentrations 125
 
6.10 Nonlinear Curve Fitting 126
 
6.11 Chapter Key Concepts 130
 
6.12 Chapter Problems 130
 
7 Using Microsoft Excel(r) in the Laboratory 132
 
7.1 Introduction to Excel(r) 132
 
7.2 Opening Excel in ChemTech 132
 
7.3 The Excel Spreadsheet 132
 
7.4 Graphing in Excel 134
 
7.5 Complex Charting in Excel 137
 
7.6 Statistical Analysis using Excel 139
 
8 Making Laboratory Solutions 151
 
8.1 Introduction 151
 
8.2 Laboratory Reagent Fundamentals 151
 
8.3 The Periodic Table 151
 
8.4 Calculating Formula Weights 152
 
8.5 Calculating The Mole 152
 
8.6 Molecular Weight Calculator 152
 
8.7 Expressing Concentration 153
 
8.8 The Parts PER (PP) Notation 157
 
8.9 Computer-Based Solution Calculations 157
 
8.10 Reactions in Solution 161
 
8.11 Chapter Key Concepts 161
 
8.12 Chapter Problems 162
 
9 Acid-Base