The vigorously growing economy of Asian countries requires a speedup in development of mineral resources, first of all, as concerns the fuel and energy supply. Mongolia may be an exporter of natural uranium as a fuel for nuclear power plants. The long-standing prospecting and exploration of Mongolia resulted in discovery of economic uranium deposits similar to those making up a basis of raw-material potential of atomic energetics in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. In the course of metallogenic and prospecting works in Mongolia, a great deal of uranium prospects has been found, and the systematic patterns of their spatial localization and temporal evolution outlined. The location of Mongolia in a system of global tectonic units determines the diversity of uranium ore provinces both in age and type. The comparative metallogenic analysis of Mongolia and adjacent regions of Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and China in combination with long-standing field works served as a basis for métallogénie subdivision of the Mongolian territory with respect to uranium occurrences. It has been established that the Late Mesozoic superimposed volcanotectonic structures as well as the basins formed in the Cenozoic epoch of arching and block-faulting are crucial for uranium metallogeny. The occurrences, prospects and deposits related to these ore-forming epochs are known from almost all districts of Mongolia. The diversity of geologic settings of uranium mineralization formed against the background of long and intricate tectonic evolution attracts relentless interest of specialists to various aspects of geology, geochemistry, and uranium potential of this complexly built territory rich in ore deposits. The main objective of this monograph is to describe the principal features of uranium geology and metallogeny in Mongolia. The author hopes that his contribution will promote further progress in forecasting of new deposits and efficient exploration in the regions of similar geologic setting. The monograph is written in such a style that readers could get acquaintance with the most important types of uranium mineralization and with the most representative deposits pertaining to each type. The main attention is paid to the characteristics that provide insights into formation conditions of uranium deposits and their localization.