Introduction Conventional Risk Assessment Retrospective Assessment and Environmental Monitoring How to Improve Exposure Assessment From Incorporation to Toxicity From Microcosms to Mesocosms and Field Individual Biomarkers Omics Reference Species Endobenthic Invertebrates as Reference Species Filter-feeding Bivalves as Reference Species in the Water Column Gammarids as Reference Species in Freshwater Copepods as Reference Species in Estuarine and Marine Waters Fish as Reference Species in Different Water Masses Biological Responses at Supra-individual Levels Ecotoxicological Risk of Endocrine Disruptors Ecotoxicological Risk of Personal Care Products and Pharmaceuticals Ecotoxicological Risk of Nanomaterials Ecotoxicological Risk of Mixtures General Conclusions sakriti opis